Quantum computing represents a novel computational paradigm that leverages the fundamental principles of physics to expedite the resolution of exceedingly intricate problems.

Quantum computing has recently emerged as an interdisciplinary field that integrates elements of computer science, physics, and mathematics, harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics to expedite the resolution of intricate problems compared to classical computers.

But what exactly is "quantum"?

Quantum refers to the tiniest unit within a phenomenon, with its plural form being "quanta." For instance, an electron is a quantum in the realm of electricity. The term has its origins in Latin, signifying "quantity."

Quantum computing is firmly rooted in quantum theory, which strives to elucidate phenomena based on the behaviors of their most fundamental building blocks.

This theory was established by distinguished German physicists Max Planck and Albert Einstein, along with Danish physicist Niels Bohr. Remarkably, all three of them were honored with Nobel Prizes in Physics, awarded in 1918, 1921, and 1922, respectively, although Planck was the pioneer in introducing the theory back in 1900.

Quantum theory gave rise to quantum physics and quantum mechanics, fields that delve into the study of phenomena at the subatomic level.

Quantum computing is rooted in quantum mechanics, and its rapid data processing relies on three fundamental principles found within quantum mechanics: superposition, interference, and entanglement.

These principles extend to the smallest unit of data processed by a quantum computer, known as a qubit, which is the equivalent of the classical computer's bit.

Superposition allows a qubit to represent both one and zero simultaneously, whereas a classical bit can only hold one of these values at a time.

Interference influences the state of the qubit, affecting a specific outcome during measurement, making quantum computing exceptionally powerful in this aspect. Entanglement refers to the entwined relationship between two quantum systems.

Although quantum computing is still in its developmental stages, it represents a significant paradigm shift in computing capabilities, holding great potential across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, healthcare, manufacturing, cybersecurity, and financial services.

According to Quantum Insider, a specialized industry bulletin, over 600 companies, along with 30 government laboratories and government agencies, are actively involved in the development of this promising technology.

While quantum computing holds the potential to significantly enhance various economic sectors, there are important societal considerations that raise questions regarding justice, equity, inclusion, responsibility in areas like the environment, society, governance, and human rights.

Will it be necessary to implement checks and balances to ensure these aspects are addressed? The new technology also offers unparalleled cybersecurity defenses but simultaneously poses the risk of unlocking new cyber hacking capabilities.

Quantum computing is poised to advance fields such as voting systems, crisis and resource management, and government initiatives aimed at providing citizens with digital identities, consolidating their various rights and obligations, including voting rights and tax responsibilities, into a single document.

As research into quantum computing continues to progress, it becomes essential to anticipate the maturation of this technology by proactively identifying both enhancements and challenges. This can be achieved through dialogues among various stakeholders, including scientists, policymakers, business leaders, civil society organizations, and public opinion.

Futurists and global leaders hold the hope that quantum computers may contribute to achieving the UN's sustainable development goals by 2030 and support the aspiration for zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Why do we need quantum computers?

Quantum computers are sought after for several compelling reasons:

1. Speed and Efficiency: Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex problems much faster than classical computers. They can process vast amounts of data in parallel, which is particularly advantageous for tasks like optimization, cryptography, and simulations.

2. Innovative Solutions: Quantum computers can address problems that are practically impossible or extremely time-consuming for classical computers. This can lead to breakthroughs in various fields, such as drug discovery, materials science, and climate modeling.

3. Cryptography: Quantum computers also pose a challenge to classical cryptography. They can potentially break current encryption methods, which is driving research into quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques to secure digital communication in the future.

4. Quantum Simulations: Quantum computers are adept at simulating quantum systems, making them valuable for understanding and predicting the behavior of molecules and materials at the atomic and subatomic levels. This has applications in drug development and materials science.

5. Artificial Intelligence: Quantum computing can accelerate machine learning and optimization algorithms, which are integral to artificial intelligence. This can lead to advancements in AI applications and problem-solving.

6. Secure Communication: While quantum computers can break classical encryption, they also offer the possibility of secure quantum communication. Quantum key distribution allows for unhackable communication, making it invaluable for cybersecurity.

7. Scientific Discovery: Quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize scientific research across disciplines. They can assist in understanding complex quantum phenomena, leading to innovations in physics, chemistry, and biology.